Discourses About Wildfire in New Jersey and New South Wales: New Jersey Survey Results

Survey used in New Jersey (.pdf format)

Survey in New Jersey

Major Findings

The survey found that the Responsible Managers were the most common discourse in New South Wales, followed by the Scientific Environmentalists, with the Populists the least common.

Risk perception could be explained mostly by "pragmatic" variables relating to the respondent's exposure to fire (e.g. living near a forest) and past experience with fire. However, the variables included in the survey failed to predict either adherence to the Q-based discourses, satisfaction with the current fire management situation, or risk-reducing actions taken at one's house. Indeed, it was difficult even to separate survey respondents into distinct perspectives on the fire issue.

The survey results led to the formulation of a "detachment hypothesis," which will require further testing (but which is consistent with other studies). During periods between major fires (such as the period during which this survey was conducted), the fire issue becomes depoliticized and detached from a person's core worldview and way of life. Actions that may reduce the risk of fire become mainly determined by motivations and constraints unrelated to fire. When asked in a survey to respond individually to questions about fire, people's answers are not motivated by a clear, preexisting, underlying comprehensive view about fire management. However, when asked to do a Q sort -- a more intensive procedure that explicitly requires considering issues in relation to each other and addressing tradeoffs between different values -- individuals construct more coherent viewpoints.

Part A: Basic views

Questions 1-8. Note that green bars represent how important the respondent thinks that goal of fire management should be, whereas the brown bars represent their opinion of how well that goal is achieved at present.

Part B: Discourses

Questions 18-22. For these questions, the survey presented a short paragraph describing the views of one of the normative discourses identified in the Q portion of the study. For each discourse, respondents were asked:
a. How much do you agree or disagree with [person's] viewpoint?
b. Is [person's] view reasonable or unreasonable?
c. If [person] was your neighbor, would you trust him or her?
d. Do you think there are many people in your community, or only a few people, who think the way [person] does?
Note that charts are reversed from the survey text, so that higher scores represent agreement, reasonableness, trust, and many people who think that way. The first initial of each hypothetical composite person corresponds to the letter identifying that discourse in the Q analysis.

A.R. says:
"When it comes to forest fires, I try to just use common sense and be responsible. Everybody has to keep their own house in order -- cleaning up the yard and so forth. It's really important, too, to make sure that people don't carelessly start a fire by, say, letting a campfire burn unattended. I think we ought to have good communication with firefighters, since they've got the experience to know what to do about fires. If the fire company came around and said we needed to evacuate, I’d definitely get out of there."

Open-ended responses about A.R.'s views:

Keeping consumables in yard under control & away from dwellings is very important if a fire does happen.

Sensible -- points out that we should be educated about the things that are within our control.

I think we need to support our fire company more as they are volunteers and put forth a lot of time to protect our community.

I wouldn't definitely get out of there if a firefighter told me to evacuate, I'd stay and try to protect my stuff.

Leaving property is a personal choice, not to be dictated.

Possible bossy neighbor

I do agree that the firefighters are experienced and would follow their direction in an emergency.

Good view.

Very alert person. A neighbor I would Love to have.

What does cleaning my yard have to do with forest fires.

Takes responsibility for personal fire awareness of home and is willing to follow necessary evacuation orders, if needed.

I agree with Educating the Public about forest fires and knowing how to be prepared in case fires happen near your home or business.

I agree with AR viewpoint, he has said many things I would of said. Maybe educating the public + little more on the dangers of fires would make people think before starting a fire.

I totally agree with his logic about common sense and listening to a trained official.

Thanks to over building in the last several years we have less & less forests and woods to worry about.

I also think it is very important to financially support your local fire company + EMS unit with annual donations. This would ensure upgrade of equipment when needed.

I agree, but there needs to be more education on how not to start a fire -- starting with our children at a very young age!

Unfortunately most people in my area keep their properties a mess. My next door neighbor has old plywood, huge piles of wood debris and loads of junk scattered all over his back yard. I do not agree with A.R. on one point in that if the fire company told me to evacuate I would not unless I could get all my animals out also.

He stresses personal responsibility with which I agree. He does not however, put enough responsibility or emphasis on governmental authorities.

I have to take care of my house.

If I were to evacuate my home, I would make that choice on my own.

Be responsible and help.

B.K. says:
"What we really need is good, detailed planning for how to handle forest fires. We need to make our decisions based on the best scientific information. I think the public should also be involved in deciding what to do, since it's our homes and backyards that are affected. If regular people get educated about how fires happen, we'll be able to take care of our own neighborhoods. That way firefighting won't get politicized or bogged down in red tape. I'm also worried that some people want to take too much of a "hands off" approach to nature, because I don't think that good plans for keeping people safe are going to hurt the environment."

Open-ended responses about B.K.'s views:

Ignorant and uninsightful. To a certain degree fires are a natural occurrence. There is a great deal of primary growth stimulated by and after fires. To put people’s luxury ahead of nature is the undoing of us all.

Not very environmentally friendly.

you never know what a fire will do so much depends on the weather

I trust the professionals!

Safety first. Firemen know there stuff. Educate public. But too many making decision who actually don't know things -- not good.

There are detailed plans. People in General know how forest fires start. When there is too much kindling things burn faster.

I don't feel the general public has enough knowledge or experience to make decisions about forest fire management. Education is important!

Negates standardized plans which help firefighters, O.E.M. and the public respond appropriately in emergency situations where emotional or physical fatigue could alter good decision making.

Glad he is not from my town.

I believe the public should be educated about forest fires but should not be involved in decision making. Leave that to the pros.

It is excellent.

I think B.K.'s logic means well, but the common person most likely would never get enough training to know how to "handle" a forest fire.

Yes you must be aware of dangers -- only a fool would stay in path of fire -- the same people have a nuculer plant in area with greater danger

Turned off by B.K.'s judgmentalism.

A plan to address forest fires with contingencies based on the details of the fire and the threat to people & homes is critical. Letting the public decide -- don't agree. Need professionals who understand the complexities of firefighting.

It's important to start education regarding forest fire information in the schools.

Most regular people will not educate themselves about much of anything, no less forest fires. They rely on authorities to know what to do.

I strongly agree w/ the first sentence of this statement. It gets further from my views as it progresses!

BK is a Jackass.

I feel a lot of fires are started when they control burning.

For many years people have moved from a suburban areas to rural areas. They do not have life experience in forest fires. These people are at most risk in forest fires.

Scientific info is great but experience + training is better.

I don't understand what they are talking about!

C.J. says:
"I worry sometimes that the people in charge, like the Forest Fire Service, aren't really in tune with what regular people living in this region want. We need to make sure that they're listening to our concerns -- like how expensive and time-consuming it can be to follow all the recommendations for fire safety -- and letting us know what they're doing and why they're doing it. I also worry that we interfere with nature too much when we try to control fires."

Open-ended responses about C.J.'s views:

This person has never been exposed to a forest fire.

Peoples lives should come before nature! Nature will rejuvenate itself. Just return to an area that has burnt and you will usually see it returning to life!

It is time consuming and expensive to undo damage we have done to the environment in the past, and it needs to be a part of life in the future.

I only agree with the fire dept letting us know what they are doing and why.

I think C.J. is a profound idiot!!

Can't believe people think this way -- you need to control a fire.

The Forest Fire Service people are trained and knowledgeable.

Trees are part of nature. Fires start by lots of different reasons not just careless people. Is he saying we should let fires burn out of control?

Not realistic. This person probably drives a Volvo.

Firefighters are regular people too, with job families etc. Controlled Burning of underbrush helps control a forest fire.

I disagree with CJ viewpoint. I feel the Forest Fire Service does listen to us. I also believe control fires by fire department are very important so we don't have a major forest fire in our neighborhood.

I feel C.J. is misinformed about the F.F.S., because I know they are always under "FLACK" from the communities, so there-for their always in tune. As for the environment, a forest fire or controlled burning does actually a lot of "good" for nature on the regrowth side!!!

Most of the forest fire fighters are our neighbors and locals who know our forests + keep risks low with controlled burning.

There are many "controlled fires" in our area. The only problem with this is we are not informed when they will be having these "controlled fires." I never know if it is a real forest fire or not/ It can cause panic and anxiety not knowing.

Need for communication & better understanding of what's being done.

Prevention is the best policy. Even if forest fire rangers were to have tunnel vision with their concerns, they are the ones with the knowledge and experience. We all need to work together -- with listening as the key ingredient.

Being oblivious to possibilities is idiotic. Intelligent limited engineering of the environment is acceptible.

Get a Grip C.J. + move to the City!

Don't really like his way of thinking!

CJ has his head up his ASS.

Many recommendations that the fire service makes are time consuming and expensive for home owners. This area that I live in is the NJ Pinelands. Most properties are heavily wooded, covered with pine needles and leaves. Most people have a lot of acreage to keep a lot of property cleared of pine needles, leaves + have no vegetation around the house is difficult. Also we are suppose to conserve water. I use a lot of mulch for my plants and mulch is very flammable.

I don't think people put this much thought into Forest Fire Service personnel and practices.

I know we need to control burn, but there should be a way to also help nature. We are building house all over. We are taking where they live all nature has is what we control burn.

Alot of people in my town work with Forest Fire Service or the local fire dept.

Of course we interfere with nature too much, we need to, to protect ourselves.

The forest fighters are trained people, they go to College to know what they are doing. Why should they have to let us decide how to do their job. They should let us know if we are in danger!!

D.M. says:
"Forest fires are a big risk in this area. We need to focus on keeping people safe, even if that means sacrificing someone's property or doing something that environmentalists might not like. I know people have other things to worry about too, but it's still really important for everyone to make sure they're not creating a fire risk to their neighbors. Otherwise the authorities might have to step in, or maybe their insurance rates should go up. The main thing, though, is to make sure that every fire -- whether it's a natural one, an accident, or a controlled burn -- is under control."

Open-ended responses about D.M.'s views:

I don't think he has much of a point of a thought -- sounds like witch hunt talk. Probably lives in his recliner in front of the TV

Middle of the road. Agree some.

What does sacrificing someone's property mean ?!

If people are out of control on their property authorities have a right to step in & have them clean it up. Don't agree on insurance issue.

Forest fires are part of the Pinelands.

Makes good sense.

Sacrificing someone's property is to devastating for me to comprehend. I feel all measure should be taken to respect property but not at the risk of human life.

I totally agree with D.M.

Not a big risk -- years ago yes -- now no

Also wildlife should be protected above property!

Priority of protection. People first!

"... even if it means sacrificing someone's property or doing something that environmentalists might not like." That is the only statement I have a problem with in this viewpoint.

Disseminating information on fire safety is reasonable, forcing compliance by law borders on unconstitutional.

I strongly agree that it would ideal to have people fined or have their homeowner's insurance rates go up if they are creating a fire risk. I do not agree that we should sacrifice environmental concerns or a person's property.

D.M. almost has it right, almost

I don't think there is enough information D.M. to answer these questions.

E.B. says:
"The environment in this region is naturally fire-prone, and that's got to be the main consideration. We should use the best science at our disposal in order to figure out what kind of impacts we're having on the landscape, and to create good plans. That way we can mimic the natural fire regime, while still reducing the risk to areas where there are homes. We also have to be concerned about unrestricted development -- if people are out there building houses without thinking about fire safety, it makes it tougher to protect them without sacrificing the ecology of this area."

Open-ended responses about E.B.'s views:

Very common sense. Planning w/ respect to land area : development ratio coupled w/ education makes sense.

New Gretna is in CAPRA + Pinelands protected areas so development limited.

Don't allow building in fire zone --

On the money.

it isn't clear enough in E.B.'s statement

Fire Co should be ok to controll burn around home in a town without a lot of paper work. Or even the home own.

Good.

I don't think that home is a issue? He talks about saving homes and the ecological protection too! Which one is he concerned about?

I agree to a certain point with every one who has expressed an opinion here. No point of view was wrong. It's about weaving these views together. I'm not really knowledged with forest fires issues.

Very good!

E.B. views are right on!

I agree.

The Pineland Commission is too involved with pine snakes and not the people who are life long residents trying to build new house on property.

Fire safety should be a concern when construction occurs

Forethought always beats reactionism.

Strongly agree, even though this area where I live is Pinelands. The Pineland Commission allows rampant building without assessing environmental concerns. They allow people to develop + fill in wetlands and allow people to buy property out here + clear cut every tree to put in a pool + a grass lawn.

it's a good idea to follow E.B.'s views for both the wetlands and forests in our area. However, E.B. would probably be lynched if he or she was the decision maker.

Good luck controlling overbuilding in N.J.

Part C: Grid-Group Cultural Theory

Grid-Group Cultural Theory says that people's views of environmental issues can be explained by referring to four basic worldviews. The worldviews shown are composite scales based on five questions each. The pie chart assigns each person to the worldview they most strongly agree with.

Individualism:

  • 42. In a fair system, people with more ability should earn more.
  • 29. Everyone should have an equal chance to succeed and fail without government interference.
  • 25. If people have the vision and ability to acquire property, they ought to be allowed to enjoy it.
  • 36. People who are successful in business have a right to enjoy their wealth as they see fit.
  • 37. Competitive markets are almost always the best way to supply people with things they need.

Fatalism:

  • 28. It seems that whichever party you vote for things go on pretty much the same.
  • 32. I feel that life is a lottery.
  • 33. Cooperation with others rarely works.
  • 34. The future is too uncertain for a person to make serious plans.
  • 41. Most people make friends only because friends are useful for them.

Hierarchy:

  • 24. One of the problems with people today is that they challenge authority too often.
  • 26. The best way to provide for future generations is to preserve the customs and practices of our past.
  • 38. Society works best when people obey all rules and regulations.
  • 39. Respect for authority is one of the most important things that children should learn.
  • 40. Different roles for different sorts of people enable people to live together more harmoniously.

Egalitarianism:

  • 23. The world would be a more peaceful place if its wealth were divided more equally among nations.
  • 27. What our country needs is a fairness revolution to make the distribution of goods more equal.
  • 30. I support a tax shift so that the burden falls more heavily on corporations and people with large incomes.
  • 31. We need to dramatically reduce inequalities between men and women.
  • 35. Decisions in business and government should rely more heavily on popular participation.

Part D: Fire Safety Actions

The following questions asked whether the respondent, or someone else in their household, had done, or planned to do, nine different actions that have been recommended as ways to make a house safer from forest fires.

43. Trim all trees and shrubs, and clean up other flammable material, within 10 yards of your home.
44. Trim all trees and shrubs, and clean up other flammable material, within 30 yards of your home.
45. Create an explicit emergency plan for your household in case of a bushfire
46. Install a sprinkler system
47. Talk to your neighbors about working together to make your community safer from fire
48. Put screens over windows, vents, eaves, and other places that embers could enter the house
49. Clear leaves and other debris from roof and gutters
50. Conduct a hazard reduction burn on your property
51. Replace wooden shingles with metal or tile roofing

How much of a barrier are each of the following things to your ability to make your home fire safe?

Part E. Additional comments

Below are the additional comments given by some respondents.

"Fire Service needs funding?"

"I feel the local fire dept and the Forest Fire Service do an excellent job and if a Forest Fire occurs, we will follow their instructions."

"I am very concerned that in my life time I will experience in my state a fire which will take & effect life & property and more needs to be done now like control burns & thinning to protect this area from the threat of forest fires."

My property encompasses ~150 acres. I have spoken w/ foresters @ clearing the fallen trees from the woods. My cabin is at the woods edge on the water. It is worth more burnt than not, but oddly I worry more @ the animals.

"More should be done to make homeowners aware of the option to conduct controlled burns. I do bi-annually."

"Recent issue -- Atlantic City Electric constructed a 50 mile, 230 KV power line from Oyster Creek Power Plant to Cardiff. Very low through very narrow wooded passages. NJ Forest Fire Service were very concerned about fighting a fire along it, but the utility co. + government weren't as concerned."

"My neighbor is a fire ranger for the state of New Jersey. I have respect for the job he does. We talk a lot about situations that could occur behind our homes and what we can do if something drastical happens. As a homeowner who is surrounded by acres of forests. It is always in the back of your mind during the hot season."

"This was an interesting survey, it opened my mind to the impact that forest can have on me and my family and my environment."

"I believe controlled burning should be stopped. Last year in our area one got out of control and helicopters had to be called in."

"Can not burn my own field. Only when they tell me with paper work and if rain that day you start all over again."

"I hope this is for real But from your Q 23 to 42 and then your last page I do not believe this is about forest fire. But living in this area since I was 3 yr old I know a lot about forest fire. Cert classes should be taught in the schools so the young get knowledge about this kind of life."

"Those last questions don't have anything to do with forest fires. I don't really think you are interested in forest fires. But just to Gather Information to put on other mailing lists to send out. PS: I don't believe we need to make all kinds of laws a stuff to protect nature. above and beyond what is common sense. God has created nature with its own balance and Laws!"

"Forest fires are part of the natural cycle from emergent to dominant species in the forest. The transition from rural to suburban has brought many young people who have no concept of the power of a firestorm in dry pine forest. What they do not understand, they dismiss or ignore."

"I think many are concerned whose home looks the best. Safety may come second. However part of looking good unfortunately means to reduce the amount of nature around you. This is just my view. I personally would rather see more trees than more homes that replace the trees."

"I reside in Egg Harbor City. Although I have seen smoke from the fires and controlled burns I do not feel I am in any danger from the forest fires. Fires are a natural part of the ecology of the Pineland region. People who live in the forested areas are at more risk for property damage from forest fires than the residents of Egg Harbor City. We all have a responsibility to our environment to be careful when in the Pineland forest to use it wisely and to prevent starting fires."

"I feel most fires are started by "outsiders," those who don't live in the woods but come to the woods to play. They are not responsible in putting out campfires, cigarettes, or installing flame arresters on dirt bikes, ATVs, + motorcycles. They also discard trash + bottles in the woods, which fuel the fires. Those of us who live in the woods are always stopping to pick up trash to prevent such a happening."

"My house is not directly affected by woods or forests. They are however within a quarter mile. Every year the Forest Fire Service does controlled burning. I feel fortunate in that respect. I hope I have helped you in any way."

"New Jersey has a Forest Fire Service, which does a good job from what I know."

"We do not really live close enough to the Forest to have serious concern for our safety. But are concerned for others who do, friends, etc."

"Go fishing, go Eagles, mind your own business."

"Better training, equipment, safety. More resources."

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all of the organizations and individuals who participated in this research.

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0526381. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.